A debates running on whether Scots prisoners were once transported into slavery or were sent to penal servitude. All the historical evidence shows it to have been the latter not the former and conflating the two’s both factually wrong and in danger of downplaying the heinous trade, and Scotland’s role in it.
That’s not to say that the penal servitude imposed was benign, as for many being sent to the West Indies proved to be a death sentence, and other parts could be equally harsh and unforgiving. But that was still vastly different from the chattel slavery imposed upon millions of Africans. Even the worst journeys on “coffin ships” for captured soldiers was as nothing, as to what was suffered by men women and children cast into slavery. And to be endured not just during their lifetime, if they survived the horrendous voyages, but down through generations.
There’s a book in the National Library of Scotland, that narrates what happened to Scots prisoners of the ’45. I recall reading it and when researching for a book I was considering about Scots transported, rather than emigrated, whether Covenanter, Jacobite or Radical. I was intrigued that English Jacobites were treated more harshly than Scottish brethren, the Scots being viewed as rebels against the Crown, but English Jacobites traitors to their country.
Volume 3 of the book narrates the fate of Scots prisoners, whether executed, or sent to penal servitude for a period, often 7 years. Fate dictating whether it was the West Indies or America. There they worked until the end of their sentence, it’s nature varying as with destination.
Hanoverians weren’t the only ones to transport prisoners to that fate. Even before the Union, some Covenanters faced a similar sentence imposed by their own Parliament. But, worst was undoubtedly Cromwell, a man of innate cruelty, who’s treatment of Scots was only surpassed by his viciousness towards the Irish. After the debacle of the Battle of Dunbar in 1650, captured Scots soldiers found themselves on a death march to Durham and then cast around the globe, to be joined the following year by compatriots after defeat at Worcester.
Some were sent to the West Indies, others to America, whilst others still were sent to help drain the Fen Country in East England, explaining Scots names in those parts down over the centuries. The supposed “Lord Protector” even sought to give some to Venice for use in their war with the Ottoman Empire over Crete, the Venetians though politely declining.
For those transported it no doubt wasn’t easy and tropical diseases took a high toll. But evidence from there and especially America confirms it was servitude not slavery. There’s a society in Boston, that was formed in 1657 as the Scots Society of Massachusetts. The date being the ending of their servitude and with no way home they banded together for mutual support. That organisation still exists and whilst life wasn’t easy, it was never slavery, and some prospered.
Further confirmations found from the beguilingly named Scots Prisoners of War Society, where descendants of those American prisoners, rather than any Colditz veteran, seek to share tales and information. Some did remarkably well, others especially in the Indies not so.
But, it was never the barbarity or industrialised cruelty of slavery, and conflating it’s wrong.